HIV-related stigma and discrimination continue to undermine HIV responses.

HIV-related stigma and discrimination continue to undermine HIV responses. The fear of being shunned by their families and friends, marginalized in their communities or denied employment and other services is often the reason why people do not present for HIV testing or attend HIV services. All too often it is the negative attitudes and behaviours of health workers that make health services inaccessible and unacceptable to those people at greatest risk of HIV infection and in greatest need of prevention, treatment and care services. People living with HIV, drug users, sex workers and men who have sex with men should be able to attend health services where they feel safe and are ensured the best possible and non-judgmental care.

The failure to promote and protect human rights increases vulnerability and can drive HIV epidemics. In sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls are particularly vulnerable to HIV; 80% of all women living with HIV are in this region. In Eastern Europe, over 50% of HIV cases are among people who inject drugs. In France, Netherlands and Spain, between 1/3 and 3/4 of new HIV infections are concentrated among migrants.