- Sexual contact with an infected partner, including vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse (HIV can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth.)
- Sharing needles or syringes contaminated with infected blood (including needles used for shooting drugs, piercing, or tattooing)
- From infected women to the fetus during pregnancy or birth (Approximately 25–33% of women who are untreated pass the infection to their babies. Antiretroviral therapy reduces this risk.)
- Through breast milk of infected mothers
- Contact between a mucous membrane (e.g., lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, mouth) and infected blood
Based on available evidence, HIV is not transmitted through the following:
- Saliva
- Sweat, tears, urine or feces
- Biting insects, such as mosquitoes
- Casual contact, such as:
- sitting next to someone;
- touching, hugging, or shaking hands;
- eating in the same restaurant or cafeteria;
- swimming in the same pool or using the same shower or tub; or
- using the same toilet seat
- Blood transfusions (Blood donors are now carefully screened and blood is tested before being used.)
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