Wednesday, November 30, 2011

aginal Yeast Infections: Vaginal Candidiasis & HIV

aginal Yeast Infections: Vaginal Candidiasis & HIV

Any woman, whether she has HIV or not, can develop a vaginal yeast infection. However, women who are HIV-positive are prone to more frequent yeast infections that are much more difficult to treat.

Yeast infections cause the following symptoms:

  • Vulval itching
  • Thick white vaginal discharge
  • Burning during urination
  • Vaginal dryness and redness
  • Painful vaginal intercourse (Women should avoid intercourse when they have a yeast infection.)

There are a number of ways to treat vaginal yeast infections, including topical creams such as miconazole (Monistat®) and pills such as fluconazole (Diflucan®).

Women and HIV

Women and HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection & Women

Vaginal infections are the most commonly reported condition among women with HIV/AIDS. Vaginal yeast infections are the most common initial manifestation of HIV/AIDS in women.

Many types of vaginal infections are twice as common in women who have HIV than in women who are HIV-negative. The risk for cervical cancer is 30 times greater for HIV-infected women who are also infected with HPV. Fortunately, most vaginal infections and related complications can be detected through regular Pap smears. Pap smears involve collecting a small tissue sample from the cervix that is examined under a microscope for an infection or abnormality.

Although there is some controversy about how often HIV-infected women should receive Pap smears, it is generally recommended that they have them every 6 months. If a Pap smear is abnormal, it should be repeated in 3 months. Without regular Pap smears, many vaginal infections go unnoticed until they become serious. In one study, half of HIV-infected women with no symptoms did actually have a vaginal infection. Regular Pap smears are essential.

Some physicians recommend that HIV-positive women also receive an annual colposcopy examination, which involves using a lighted microscope to view the cervix and look for pre-cancerous abnormalities.

Women who have HIV and experience vaginal irritation, unusual sensitivity, itching, or discharge should see a physician or other health care provider immediately. Treatment can relieve irritation, prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections, and help prevent serious illnesses

HIV in Asia and the Pacific

HIV in Asia and the Pacific

In 1999, 20% of the 5.6 million new HIV infections worldwide occurred in southern Asia. HIV began to spread in Asia in the early to mid-1980s. With a population of nearly 3.5 billion—60% of the world's population—this region can have a substantial impact on the course of the AIDS epidemic:

  • Nearly one-half million of the more than 1 billion people in China are infected with HIV; most new cases occur in injectable drug users who share needles.
  • India has more people infected with HIV than any other country in the world; 3.7 million Indians have HIV or AIDS.
  • HIV was first reported in Thailand in the mid-1980s and cases have increased dramatically to 800,000 in 1999; prevention programs have stabilized its prevalence.
  • In Malaysia, HIV transmission appears to have stabilized since it reached its peak in the 1990s; 15% to 20% of all injectable drug users are infected with HIV.
  • In Vietnam, transmission is increasing, especially among injectable drug users and sex workers; the prevalence of HIV among injectable drug users has risen from less than 1% in 1995 to nearly 70% in 1998.
  • In Bangladesh, transmission is increasing among injectable drug users and sex workers.
  • The highest rate of HIV infection in Asia is in Cambodia, where the primary mode of transmission is heterosexual contact.

HIV / AIDS


AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, the leading cause of death due to infectious disease, and has surpassed malaria as the number one killer in Africa. There are more than 2.2 million AIDS cases reported worldwide, and 33 million people are living with HIV/AIDS. More than 16 million people have died from AIDS, including more than 3 million in 2000.

Because of its incredible toll on human life, AIDS has been identified as a threat to world security. It is expected to cause catastrophic long-term consequences in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the former Soviet Union.

HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa

AIDS is the leading cause of death in southern Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa makes up one-tenth of the world's population, but two-thirds of the HIV-positive population and more than 80% of all AIDS deaths occur in this region. In 1999, nearly 70% of the 5.6 million new cases of HIV infection occurred in sub-Saharan Africa.

Uganda established a National AIDS Control Program in 1987 and hosted the first Phase I HIV vaccine trial in 1999, taking the lead in AIDS prevention efforts in Africa. Through extensive education efforts, approximately 90% of the population in Uganda has awareness about HIV and AIDS, and many people have adopted safe sex practices. Unfortunately, many other African countries have not following Uganda's lead.

Even grimmer, is the fact that most people in Africa cannot afford the antiretroviral drugs that are the cornerstone of AIDS care in the United States and other Western nations, which can cost more than $20,000 per year. Although efforts are being made to lower the cost, even an 80% cut in price may not be enough to make the drugs affordable.

Further, the strict regimen that the drugs require often demands a drastic change in lifestyle that is difficult for many people. Even more basic than medicine, many HIV-infected Africans are undernourished and hungry. Getting food to these people may be even more important than providing medications.

Various factors have contributed to the current AIDS crisis in Africa, including the following:

  • Likelihood that the HIV virus originated in Africa and spread and evolved before preventative actions could be taken
  • Fierce denial on the part of many people, including presidents of African nations, that HIV causes AIDS, that sex education is necessary to stop its spread, and that Western medicine or science can be trusted
  • Inability to pay for the expensive antiretroviral drugs
  • Malnourishment and poor health of many people in Africa

Because education, prevention, and AIDS therapy present insurmountable challenges, the best hope for stopping the epidemic in Africa may be development of a vaccine. Although more than two dozen experimental vaccines have been tested worldwide, only one—AIDSVAX—reached Phase III clinical trials. In 2003, studies determined this vaccine is ineffective in preventing HIV infection.

History of HIV/AIDS

History of HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS History & Early HIV Crisis in the United States

The AIDS epidemic was first recognized in the United States in the spring of 1981. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was not isolated until 1983. From 1981 through 1987, the average life expectancy for people diagnosed with AIDS was 18 months.

The early years of the U.S. AIDS epidemic caused an unimaginable holocaust for the family members and loved ones of patients, and for health care professionals. Hundreds of young people died each week and the health care system lacked the medical, ethical, technical, and spiritual resources to soften the blow of so many young people dying of so mysterious an illness.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 940,000 cases of AIDS were reported in the United States from 1981 through 2004. In 2004, about 39,000 new cases of HIV infection were reported. Currently, there are approximately 1.1 million people in the United States who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), HIV infections are increasing more rapidly among women, who contract the virus primarily through unprotected sex with an infected male partner. In the United States, AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death for women between 25 and 44 years old. AIDS cases among women increased threefold from 1985 to 1996.

Although the rate of HIV infection continues to increase in the United States, the number of AIDS cases has fallen dramatically since 1996, when antiretroviral drugs came onto the market. HIV-related infections and cancers are less common and easier to treat with potent combination antiretroviral therapy. The U.S. mortality rate due to AIDS has plummeted.

Current Worldwide HIV Crisis

Unfortunately, the AIDS epidemic continues today in Africa and much of Asia, where antiretroviral therapy is not available and health care is seriously inadequate. Over 95% of AIDS cases and deaths occur in parts of the world other than the United States.

They are there to support the HIV population

Actually it takes on average 25 days for antibodies to show up. Over 99% of people that are infected will test postive between 4-6 weeks. Those that don't are people that are undergoing Chemotherapy, organ transplant patients and others with serios medical conditions. In other words only those that are already extremely ill and under a doctor's care.

I hope the above is your personal position. Any ASO that would take that position and counsel that antibodies take that amount of time to develop is in direct conflict with respected and offical organizations. Spreading misinformation and half=truths such as this by an ASO could jepordize grants and funding. They are there to support the HIV population and provide testing and scientific prevention information. They are not supposed to be spreading misinformation about transmission and testing, which can increase the stigma that their very clients have to deal with.

And you say you are HIV+? Yet, you want people to fear you and your disease. You purposely spread false information to that end instead of trying to promote rational conversation about HIV?


Another thing:

"HIV is a very scary thing and its good that you're afraid of it you should be every one should. "

Of course no one else should have to live with HIV. But no one needs to be afraid of HIV if they understand the activties that cause risk and take procautions to reduce those risks. Too many people equate being afraid of the disease with being afraid of the person with the disease. To promote fear of the disease without quanitfying that it's only a few activities that must be protected is a disservice to you, to me and to everyone else living with HIV. I'm concerned that you are volunteering at an ASO. Did you go through the required courses that must be met before you can volunteer?

• HIV/DNA by PCR test by a private company

n early March 2006, I had an unprotected sexual encounter with a woman whom I met in a bar. We engaged in both vaginal (about 10 min.) and oral sex (about 5). About 3 days later, I began to feel very tired. The day after that, I came down with some harsh exudative tonsillitis, along with a fairly high fever. Went to the doctor who did a strep test – it was negative. I was put on a 10 day course of antibiotics and prednisone. While taking the medication, I had a couple evenings of night sweats, but felt better after a few days. About four days of completing the medication, I came down with another round of exudative tonsillitis and fever (about the same severity as before). This time I went to an ENT, who gave me a monospot test – negative. He put me on another 10 day course of antibiotics (a stronger one) and prednisone. Had a couple of night sweats again, but not as severe as before. My ENT ordered a CBC and it came back with a WBC of 17k, but a 6% lymphocyte count (about 1020-1050). Again, I felt much better after a few days of meds. Near the end of finishing the second round of meds (now three weeks post-incident), I had a day of pain behind my eyes with slight dizziness and nausea. A few days later, I started seeing waves/floaters in my field of vision. I went back to the ENT for follow-up to my tonsillitis and he then diagnosed me with nasal polyps. At about this time (4 weeks post incident), I began to consider the possibility that what was going on was related to my unprotected encounter. I had lost about 15lbs. (from 175) during the two rounds of tonsillitis. I was able to locate and contact the woman whom I had the encounter with. We spoke several times over the course of the next two weeks and each time she said that she did not have HIV. My last call with her ended no to great – I expressed doubt in her veracity and she said “You’re so convinced I’m HIV positive. I’ll tell you what – you keep testing and testing until it turns positive, but it won’t be from me.”

At the end of May, I went to the eye doctor for my vision problems and was diagnosed with a vitreous detachment. It was at this time (about 8 weeks post) that I began HIV testing. Over the course of the past 10 months, I have been:

• Ora-quick Advance 1/2 rapid finger (blood) tested about 10 times (at the 8, 12, 15, 18, 25, 27, 29, 34, and 43 week mark) at a local HIV clinic – all non-reactive/negative
• Orasure Oral swab HIV Antibody test at the week 25 mark – non-reactive/negative
• Blood draw HIV ELISA test by my GP (Quest), private service (Labcorp), and local HIV clinic (at the 19, 23, and 25 week mark) – all non-reactive/negative
• HIV/DNA by PCR test by a private company (Labcorp) at the 23 week mark – non-detected
• HIV/RNA by PCR by local HIV clinic at 8 months – non detected (under the reference range of <400 copies)
• My most recent WBC count was (August 30) down to 4300 with Lymphocytes at 36%

Over the course of the past 10 months, I’ve had some other troubling symptoms, such as: fatigue; what looks to be like minor folliculitis on my scalp (sorry for being so graphic, but when I pick at the bumps, I notice a very small hair in the pus); very senistive skin, especially after working out; skin in neck, face, and scalp areas in general is redder – when scratched, and an increase in small red spots that don’t go away. Also, for about the last three months I’ve experienced an on/off tingling/burning sensation on my tongue, waking up each morning with a white pasty film on it, and have moments when my mouth is very dry – what spittle I can muster resembles white foam. During the last week of December, I had a week of mucus in the stool. And now this week was diagnosed with a UTI (discharges and extreme burn while urinating). All of these things taken all together, in a relatively short time, suggest to me some immune dysfunction.

This year I've been sick more than any other recent years conbined. Prior to this year, a broken wrist - that's it. Despite my testing history, I can't shake this fear that HIV may be causing my ongoing problems and that the testing may have missed it. Is there any test I can take now that would be completely conclusive. and will help get me over the doubt once and for all?? I would like to trust the testin, but I've read recent personal stories on several websites where folks thought they were ok at the 3, 6, or one year mark, or thought their risk wasn't a risk, but were eventually diagnosed positive. I'm trying to determine whether I should keep testing "just in case." Any advice would help. Thanks for understanding.

services to people living with HIV/AIDS

BACKGROUND: For nearly twenty years, HELP/PSI has been providing comprehensive services to people living with HIV/AIDS who have a history of chemical dependency and are committed to recovery. Through its unique, innovative and dynamic model, HELP/PSI combines the self-help and peer support principals of the therapeutic community with the healthcare, psychosocial and support services of a healthcare facility. HELP/PSI’s primary focus is to provide the services needed for individuals to achieve sufficient stability to be able to live independently in the community. Primary referral sources include hospitals and the criminal justice system. Initially, the program concept was to provide increasing levels of institution-based care with some residents remaining in the program for the duration of their lives. The organization responded to changes in the AIDS epidemic by tailoring its initial long-term care strategy; graduates from the therapeutic community program provide dramatic evidence that the philosophy works, and has also captured the enthusiastic support of the participants. With a current operating budget of $24 million and five locations in the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens, HELP/PSI has expanded its mission to include all people with HIV/AIDS through a dedicated team of 245 professionals. As a nimble, responsive agency, HELP/PSI continues to expand services to ensure that more New Yorkers have access to the help they desperately need. Today, programs include Residential Health Care and Drug Treatment, Adult Day Health Care, Medical and Mental Health Services, Education and Recreation, and COBRA Case Management. PRIMARY FUNCTION: The President & CEO will lead a well-respected, innovative organization with a reputation for outstanding quality care and genuine commitment to clients. Working closely with and reporting to the Board of Directors, he/she will lead a strategic planning process to ensure the organization’s continued success and growth. The President & CEO will make certain that HELP/PSI is fiscally sound and continues to deliver the highest quality programs, services and care in a manner that is sensitive and responsive to the needs of clients and their families, donors, staff and the community at large. Resource development from private and public sources will be a priority. QUALIFICATIONS: An advanced degree is required; NYS Nursing Home Administrator credentials are a plus; ideally, a successful leadership role in a not-for-profit direct services organization dedicated to serving people with HIV/AIDS and/or substance abuse issues; genuine passion for the mission of HELP/PSI; experience working effectively with a board of directors; business and financial management skills; able to maximize resources in challenging financial times; experience with government/public funding sources; ability to articulate the mission to a broad range of constituents; successful fundraising experience; proven success building and growing an organization; a commitment to best practices and quality improvement; a team-builder and motivator; a commitment to developing a culturally and ethnically diverse staff; impeccable judgment and integrity; energy, creativity and an entrepreneurial spirit; compassion and a sense of humor. Compensation will be competitive and commensurate with experience and accomplishments. A complete position specification is available upon request. Kindly direct all inquiries to Howe-Lewis; do not contact HELP/PSI.

serving as a leader in addressing HIV/AIDS


Founded in 1909 by W.E.B. DuBois and others, the NAACP is the nation’s oldest nonprofit civil rights organization. With its long history and deep roots—over 2000 local branches, youth and college chapters, and prison chapters in 50 states and approximately 250,000 members—the NAACP has played a critical leadership role in advancing the rights of African Americans and evolving American democracy in ways that are relevant to the lives of all Americans.

The NAACP considers health as a civil rights issue, and is committed to
serving as a leader in addressing HIV/AIDS. Under direction from the Religious Affairs and Health Committees of the national Board of Directors, HIV/AIDS has been set as a national priority for the health department agenda.

The NAACP seeks an experienced manager to work with the NAACP Health Department to lead and manage all aspects of NAACP’s work on HIV/AIDS.

In this role, the Manager, Health Programs will execute a multi-pronged strategy with the goal of identifying the most effective road map for Black church leaders based on the frontline experiences of NAACP faith leaders to reverse the devastating impact HIV is having in African American communities. This position will build, evaluate, and implement that roadmap with the full support of the NAACP and its Health and Religious Affairs Committees of the national Board of Directors. The NAACP recognizes that the time has come to not just give voice to the epidemic, but to build an action plan based on best practices and lessons learned by the membership to date.

As one of the most important institutions in the Black community, normalizing the conversation in the church will be a vital part of helping to: 1) reduce the incidence of HIV in the Black community; 2) ensure HIV testing is considered as a standard of health care in relationship to other familiar chronic conditions; 3) increase the number of individuals- who don’t think they are at risk- who get tested and know their status; 4) de-stigmatize HIV in the Black community; and 5) hold faith leaders accountable to each other in addressing the HIV epidemic within their congregations.

Please visit the NAACP website (click on link below) for full job details.
http://www.naacp.org/pages/job-posting-manager-health-programs

Forward resumes to:

Human Resources
Manager, Health Programs listing
hresources@naacpnet.org

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AIDS Action Network Alert

AIDS Action Network Alert

AIDS Action Council asked President Clinton to veto the 1996 Department of Defense Authorization bill and with it the accompanying provision mandating the discharge of 1,049 otherwise healthy active duty service members who are HIV-infected. This provision, championed by Rep. Robert Dornan (R-Calif.), should never have been legislated and allowed to reach the President's desk for signature. It did. President Clinton does not need to, although it is indicated that he will tomorrow, sign into law a bill codifying such a blatantly discriminatory and un-American provision. He did. Given that the Republican congressional leadership allowed this disastrous measure to pass, and that the President intends to sign this bill despite vociferous community opposition, AIDS Action is heartened that the Clinton administration is taking appropriate steps to right the grievous wrong that has been committed against patriotic men and women whose only "sin" takes the form of an insidious virus coursing through their veins. Today marks a sad day in the history of the AIDS epidemic.

The whole reason I bring up the beginnings of HIV

Then in October, my boyfriend became very ill. After I rushed him to the hospital, they placed him in quarantine. I was told he had PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia) and GRID. I was heartbroken, because I was not allowed to visit him and tell him I loved him. I watched him die as he held the teddy bear I had the nurse give him. That is when I found out they were incinerating everything in the quarantine rooms where the patients were being treated. Because funeral homes would not take the bodies, he had to be cremated.

"The doctor told me I would probably not live to see my 20th birthday, which was only six weeks later. I flew home to Florida to visit my family to come out -- except this time I was coming out not only as a gay man, but one with a new, deadly illness."

Then in February '82, I became ill. I thought it was just a cold, but went to the hospital anyway, where they immediately stuck me in quarantine. I was told a few days later they were pretty sure I had GRID, even though the type of pneumonia I had was not PCP. The doctor told me I would probably not live to see my 20th birthday, which was only six weeks later.

I flew home to Florida to visit my family to come out -- except this time I was coming out not only as a gay man, but one with a new, deadly illness. Luckily for me, I have a very loving family. While it was hard for them to deal with the fact their youngest son was going to die, I had the unconditional love and support of my family. Unfortunately, most of my friends with GRID were not so lucky. Most were disowned by their loved ones.

The whole reason I bring up the beginnings of HIV is because it caused a backlash in our country against gay men. Even in many places where being gay had become acceptable, people started fearing being around gay men, because there was much ignorance about HIV and AIDS. Gay men started losing their jobs, housing and families even if they were not HIV positive.

The next several years, as HIV spread among the gay male communities in the major cities, were a nightmare. We had no real medications to keep us alive. You would see a friend one day and then hear from friends a few weeks later the person had died. Some lived longer, but because of HIV wasting looked like skeletons. This started them being called the "walking dead," which I thought was horrible. During these years, Pride events were still occurring, but on a much smaller scale since we were so busy taking care of those in our community who were sick and dying. Many of the caregivers in the early days were our lesbian friends.

Then in 1995, medications called antiretrovirals became available, which for the first time helped people with HIV and AIDS regain some of their immune system. Although some continued to die, because their bodies were too weak, others of us started to get better. This is when I remember Pride events once again becoming a time of celebration and joy.

"When I am asked if Pride is still relevant in 2010, I have to say yes."

So when I am asked if Pride is still relevant in 2010, I have to say yes. First, Pride is a celebration of who we are and how we got to the present. If members of our community had not stood their ground at Stonewall in '69, we would not have the presence and freedoms we have today. But there is still much left to do.

First, we still do not have equal rights like the right to marry. My partner and I attended the Millennium March on Washington in 2000 and were one of the hundreds of couples who were "married" at the mass civil union in front of the Lincoln Memorial the day before the march. We had been together for several years and wanted to participate, because it was a demonstration to show that LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) people deserve the right to be together and celebrate their love. Several friends flew to D.C. with us to watch the ceremony and celebrate our relationship.

By some twist of fate, my partner and I were taped by the cameras from CNN Headline News during the time we were saying our vows and when we kissed afterward. The next morning, as we were getting ready to leave for the march, we happened to see the coverage on the television. At the time, it was the longest male-to-male kiss aired on national television.

The fact that our love was recorded and shown on national television swelled us with pride. Everywhere we went the day of the march, people were stopping us and asking to have their picture taken with us. We even got to meet Cher, Chastity Bono, Margaret Cho and Judith Light, who were speakers at the march that day.

Sadly, the LGBT community still does not have the legal right to marry in most places in our country even today, so there is still much work to be done. With the right to marry come many other rights that our community is excluded from, like inheritance laws and rights of visitation. I cannot begin to tell you how many times I have seen one partner die, only to have the family of the dead partner come in and take everything. The surviving partner often has little recourse, even if he or she had legal documents drawn up.

Secondly, members of our LGBT community can still not openly serve in our military. My partner mentioned above was in the Navy for several years, but left when they started dishonorably discharging gays and lesbians. In the eyes of the military, we are still second-class citizens.

"To take for granted what Pride and Pride events truly mean is to forget our history and our future. We would not only be dishonoring those who sacrificed to give us the freedoms we do have today, but failing to gain true equality for future generations of our LGBT community."

Lastly, I think it is important we remember the past, and continuing Pride today is an important part of that. Before the 70s, our community had no rights. We were often persecuted by police, government officials and many of the churches. In many places in our country, there are still young men and women who feel like "there is no one else like them" -- like I did in my small city. They feel isolated and alone. Studies show sexuality issues are still a leading cause of suicides in teenagers and young adults.

"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." -- George Santayana

As a 29-year survivor and activist for the HIV/AIDS community, I am currently fighting for funding for lifesaving medications for Americans with HIV and AIDS. Eleven states have more than 1,400 people on AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) waiting lists. Florida started an ADAP waiting list on June 1, 2010. Illinois just announced they will be starting an ADAP waiting list also. This has happened because many in the HIV/AIDS community became complacent. They just assumed funding would always be there ... and they were wrong. When we let our guard down and forget the past, our present and our future suffer.

To take for granted what Pride and Pride events truly mean is to forget our history and our future. We would not only be dishonoring those who sacrificed to give us the freedoms we do have today, but failing to gain true equality for future generations of our LGBT

The History of Pride From a 29-Year Survivor of HIV and AIDS

The History of Pride From a 29-Year Survivor of HIV and AIDS


Dab Garner

Dab Garner

First, I should let everyone know I grew up in a small city in northeast Florida during the 60s and 70s in a religious, conservative and military family. I also knew from a very young age I was "different" from the other boys, but did not truly realize what the difference was until puberty. But when I did, I knew it was something considered dirty and wrong. I was told by the church and Catholic schools I attended I was a sinner and going to hell for even having the thoughts of being with another male.

During that time period in the South, there was no "Pride" in being gay. There were no openly gay men or women in my city. In fact, there were only two small gay bars in the 70s, which both ended up being firebombed. Luckily, the acts of arson happened after closing so none of the patrons were injured.

I was outed during my junior year of high school. I had started modeling the year before and had fallen in love with a photographer from San Francisco on one of my shoots. He was also the first openly gay man I had met, which was a very powerful experience for me. He showed me I was not some deviant, but a gay boy who had no reason to be ashamed or afraid.

Some of my friends from my Catholic high school happened to see us going into the gay bar, which was located in the downtown area of our city. I went from being semi-popular to an outcast overnight. Luckily, the bullying I received during the last part of my junior and all of my senior years was not as bad as it might have been if I had been in public school, but it was torture enough for me to be ready to leave my hometown as soon as I graduated.

"I moved to San Francisco right after graduation to be with my boyfriend. It was like I had found the motherland."

I moved to San Francisco right after graduation to be with my boyfriend. It was like I had found the motherland. Here were other guys like me, except they were celebrating who they were. The bars for us were right on the main street in the Castro. We could walk hand in hand without fearing verbal abuse or physical threats for loving another man. This is when I first came out openly about being a gay man to my friends.

I quickly met friends from Los Angeles and New York through my boyfriend and my modeling career, which helped me realize San Francisco was not the only place we could be open about our sexuality. I also attended my first gay Pride events, which made me so emotional I wanted to cry, because I knew there were many other young men living in other parts of our country who did not have the experience of knowing they were not alone.

Then in 1981, everything changed and my world slowly started to fall apart. First, a close young gay friend of mine went into the hospital and died from a rare type of pneumonia. He died in quarantine, which I did not understand and which angered me. I went out and got him a teddy bear to give him comfort and show him someone cared, since he was not allowed visitors.

A couple of months later, another friend had these purple lesions on his skin, which spread quickly, and died in the hospital while in quarantine. I gave him a teddy bear also. I later found out it was a form of rare cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma. This was around the time I first heard the term "GRID" -- gay-related immunodeficiency disease (what HIV was called until 1983).

Tuesday, November 29, 2011

Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness

GMHC Leads Call to Action on National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day During Women's History Month

New York, N.Y. -- GMHC plans a series of "call to action" events during the month of March (Women's History Month), in response to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) report that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is increasingly affecting women. Included in the events is the third installation of the social-marketing campaign, "HIV: We're Not Taking it Lying Down" which targets black and Hispanic women. The campaign will be promoted in partnership with GMHC's Women's Institute and Iris House. On Tuesday, March 10th at 1 pm (National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day), at City Hall in Manhattan, there will be a Call to Action entitled, "We're Not Dolls! Don't Play with Women's Lives!"

The CDC is reporting that women now constitute a third of new AIDS cases -- up from 1 in 10 at the start of the epidemic. One in four young women between the ages of 14 and 19 -- or 3.2 million teenage girls -- is infected with at least one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (human papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, and trichomoniasis. In New York City, the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene reports that one in three New Yorkers living with HIV is a woman. Approximately 90% of the women living with HIV are black and Hispanic. About 94% of teenage females who are newly infected with HIV are black and Hispanic.

For the March 10th rally at City Hall, leadership from AIDS-service organizations, elected officials, women and girls will gather to raise awareness about the issues of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. People will be encouraged to bring dolls which will wear signs representing the alarming statistics that impact women and girls in this epidemic.

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For the "HIV: We're Not Taking It Lying Down" social-marketing campaign, there will be placements in phone kiosks throughout East and West Harlem and as ads in Harlem newspapers. Posters will be distributed in community-based organizations, clinics, businesses and other venues. The campaign has a multi-layered message which speaks to the empowerment of women while recognizing the realities of the lives of women of all ages, including trauma, stigma and injustice. Promoting safer sex that is consensual and in one's control subscribes to the idea that women don't have to "take it lying down." Testing for HIV on a regular basis is another way of taking control.

reports on health policy and HIV/AIDS

Special Notice Regarding The Kaiser Daily U.S. HIV/AIDS Report

As our regular readers know, we have recently made changes to our daily reports on health policy and HIV/AIDS. Our health policy report has found a new home on Kaiser Health News where it has been expanded and improved upon and is now being regularly updated with multiple editions and news alerts published throughout the day. Our new Global Health Policy Report anchors our recently launched Global Health Gateway on KFF.org, where it provides daily updates on global health issues, including HIV/AIDS. As of today, we will no longer be producing a separate domestic HIV/AIDS report. Instead, we will provide coverage of domestic HIV/AIDS policy issues through our Daily Health Policy Report on Kaiser Health News. To subscribe to Kaiser Health News' Daily Health Policy Report and/or the Kaiser Daily Global Health Policy Report, please login to your profile – http://profile.kff.org/. If you'd like to contact us, please email HIVAIDSReport@kff.org.

Kaiser Daily U.S. HIV/AIDS Report

Special Notice Regarding The Kaiser Daily U.S. HIV/AIDS Report

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USA Today Examines HIV/AIDS

USA Today Examines HIV/AIDS Among Hemophiliacs, History of Virus in U.S. Blood Supply


USA Today on Wednesday examined HIV/AIDS among hemophiliacs and the history of the virus in the U.S. blood supply. Hemophilia, a condition in which a person's blood does not clot normally, mostly occurs in men, and hemophiliacs need transfusions of clotting factors on a regular basis, USA Today reports. According to USA Today, about 10,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C from tainted blood products by the mid-1980s, many of them "before doctors figured out what was causing" HIV/AIDS. "Despite mounting evidence that AIDS was spreading among hemophiliacs" in the early 1980s, the National Hemophilia Foundation advised patients to continue taking clotting factors "as prescribed," and "[t]he result was one of the biggest medical disasters ever," USA Today reports. According to a 1995 report by the Institute of Medicine, federal regulators, hemophilia advocates and companies that supplied blood products to hemophiliacs failed to "act quickly enough" to prevent the spread of HIV and other bloodborne diseases through blood products. Thousands of hemophiliacs have filed lawsuits against the U.S. government and drug companies that produced the tainted blood products. Many of the lawsuits were settled by giving $100,000 payouts to the hemophiliacs and their families, USA Today reports. Blood products now are genetically engineered and heat-treated to eliminate nearly all viruses, according to USA Today (Sternberg [1], USA Today, 7/12).

HIV/AIDS Splinters Hemophilia Community
In a related article, USA Today examined the splintering of hemophilia foundations and advocacy organizations after the spread of HIV/AIDS among hemophiliacs. After "many hemophiliacs blame[d]" NHF for "urging them to continue using clotting factors that gave them HIV," a new group, called the Hemophilia Federation of America, emerged. A third hemophilia group, Committee of Ten Thousand, also was founded after the NHF controversy. The three foundations currently are working together, according to Neil Frick of NHF. "We want to make sure a tragedy like this never happens again," Frick said (Sternberg [2], USA Today, 7/12).

Is HIV a Myth?

Is HIV a Myth?

The most prominent naysayer is Peter Duesberg, a prominent microbiologist from the University of California at Berkley. In his book Inventing the AIDS Virus, he maintains that HIV and AIDS are unrelated. He presents many arguments that seem to very selectively look at the evidence. You should look at the Rethinking AIDS web site at www.virusmyth.com. Read the statements there and decide where you feel the truth lies.

Some disbelievers will go to any lengths to prove their points. Dr. Robert Willner, author of Deadly Deception: The Proof that SEX and HIV Absolutely DO NOT CAUSE AIDS, who had his medical license revoked in Florida for a series of infractions, held a press conference on October 28, 1993. He stuck himself with a needle he had just inserted into a man who claimed to be HIV+. His attempt at refutation fell short when on April 15, 1995 he died of a heart attack.

Is HIV the Cause of AIDS?

Is HIV the Cause of AIDS?

How can we be sure that HIV really is the cause of AIDS? There are likely many cofactors involving the development of AIDS, but surely the presence of HIV is the dominant factor. There are many very convincing reasons for this.

  • Before the appearance of HIV, AIDS-like syndromes were very rare, but now they are common in HIV-infected individuals. A 1967 survey of the past medical literature found only 107 cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Since the outset of the AIDS epidemic, there have been more than one hundred thousand cases reported among HIV-infected individuals.
  • AIDS and HIV infection are almost always linked in time, location, and population subgroup.
  • The dominant risk factors, sexual contact, sharing needles during intravenous drug use, and blood transfusions have existed for many, many years prior to the outset of the epidemic. Thus they could not possibly be the exclusive cause of the disease.
  • The overwhelming preponderance of research indicates that a single factor, the presence of HIV, is the major predictor for developing AIDS.
  • Surveys show that AIDS is common in population subgroups where many individuals display the presence of HIV antibodies in their blood. On the other hand, in population subgroups where few individuals have HIV antibodies, AIDS is extremely rare.
  • Cohort studies show that severe immunosuppression and AIDS-defining illnesses occur exclusively in HIV-infected individuals.
  • A persistently low CD4 T cell count is extraordinarily rare in non-HIV-infected individuals. It is so rare that the condition merits its own name, idiopathic CD4-lymphocytopenia.
  • Almost everyone with AIDS shows antibodies to HIV. It has been postulated that those who do not display the antibodies have immune systems that are completely decimated and unable to mount a humoral defense.
  • HIV can be detected in almost everyone with AIDS.
  • Newborns with no behavioral risk factors can develop AIDS by vertical transmission from an infected mother.
  • Twins have been born where one was HIV+ and the other HIV-. Only the HIV+ twin developed AIDS.
  • Studies of blood transfusion-acquired AIDS have repeatedly led to the discovery of HIV-infection in the patient as well as in the donor. Additionally, the similarity of the genetic structures of the HIV in both patient and donor is far too high to be due to chance.
  • HIV has been shown to infect and destroy CD4+ T cells both in vitro (in the test tube) and in vivo (in the body).
  • There is very high correlation between viral load and AIDS-like symptoms in HIV-infected people. The higher the viral load, the more likely one is to develop AIDS-like symptoms.

that there were 5.8 million new HIV infections in 1999

The Numbers

Of the between 16,000 and 20,000 hemophiliacs in this country, more than 50% are HIV+ and over 2700 have already died. 98% of the positive hemophiliacs have been infected by tainted blood products.

The World Health Organization's best estimates are that there were 5.8 million new HIV infections in 1999 for a grand total of 33.4 million people who are HIV+. Far and away the largest number of cases are in sub-Saharan Africa, where there were 4 million new cases and 23 million people who are positive. 50% of all HIV infections occur in women and 75% of those are the result of vaginal intercourse. Currently, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe have more than 20% (and maybe as high as 25%) of their adult populations infected with HIV. Even the relatively advanced country of South Africa is experiencing an acceleration in its infection rate: 700,000 new HIV cases among ages 15 through 49 during 1998. Recent estimates are that its prevalence rate is at least 10% and may possibly be as high as 15%. A major problem in these countries is the care of the millions of children orphaned by the deaths of their parents due to AIDS.

The situation involving children directly is even more bleak.


In the United States, there is a great disparity in pediatric (below age 13) AIDS cases by race.

Racial Group

% Pediatric AIDS Cases

% of General Population

African-American

57

14

Hispanic

23

12

Caucasian

18

70

Statistical information is regularly being updated by the CDC

Origin of HIV

Origin of HIV

Where did HIV originate? First, HIV-2 is very closely related to SIV, the simian immune virus, found in sooty mangabeys. Baboons can be infected with HIV-1 and they can also suffer from a version of SIV. At the 6th American Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections held in Chicago from January 31-February 4, 1999, one of the keynote papers delivered by Beatrice Hahn on the first day presented evidence that HIV-1 is likely to have originated in West African chimpanzees of the species Pan troglodytes troglodytes. HIV could have been transferred from monkeys because they have long been kept as pets and used for food. When hunting monkeys it is not unusual for both the hunter and the hunted to exchange blood during capture. Currently there is a large market in "bush meat" obtained from monkeys. This does not bode well because there may well be continuing transfer of the disease from monkeys to humans.

The earliest fully documented case of HIV dates back to 1959. A Congolese man's blood sample from a medical study was preserved, found, and then analyzed in 1998. It was verified that he had been HIV+. Other suspected, but unverified because of the lack of either blood or tissue samples, cases date back as early as 1934. On February 1, 2000, M. Korber, et al. reported the results of a phylogenetic statistical analysis of the evolution of the retroviral genome of HIV using complex mathematical models allowing for both constant and variable rates of evolution. Her group's analysis required the use of supercomputers to backtrack the evolution to its source from monkeys. The most reliable time of origin in humans is somewhere around 1930 (a 95% confidence interval extends from 1910 to 1950). Several naysayers have claimed that the disease originated from the use of African green monkey kidneys to cultivate poliovirus in the late 1950's and early 1960's. This analysis finds that argument to be a very low probability event, hence quite unlikely.

The first recorded cases in the U.S. occurred in New York City in 1952, 1959, and 1979. The cases from the 1950s were both males with PCP and other unusual infections. The first reported cases were those in the June 5, 1981 MMWR mentioned earlier. The watershed event that brought the disease into full view of the public eye was the announcement that the (thought to be very macho) film star Rock Hudson had the disease. (Even after he had been diagnosed with AIDS, he continued cruising the gay bars and did not notify any of his sexual partners of his HIV status.)

Monday, November 28, 2011

In his book, Surviving AIDS

Introduction

It was midnight, Friday, June 27, 1969 and New York City's finest were preparing to raid a gay bar at 53 Christopher Street in Greenwich Village. Patrons were being led out into a warm and festive atmosphere (as if in celebration of the life and death the previous day of Judy Garland, a gay favorite)-until the paddy wagons arrived. As the police got rough, one self-proclaimed "bull dyke" punched a cop and knocked him out cold. Then all hell broke loose. That night and the following saw melees unlike anything before-gay men, lesbians, transvestites, and bisexuals-all had taken arms against a sea of troubles. These were the Stonewall Riots by some and the Stonewall Rebellion by most gay historians.

A sea change is what it was; from that time forward gay sexuality was in the open-the fast lane became crowded. Where gay men had assumed fixed classical roles, as in anal intercourse where one partner was always dominant and the other always submissive, they now freely interchanged roles and relished it. Sex clubs, bathhouses, and meat racks were all open and thriving. A typical visit to such establishments resulted in an average of 2.7 sexual encounters. Many, if not most, were anonymous. Sex with multiple partners (as in many hundreds and even thousands) was the norm; abstinence was unheard of. Oral-genital, oral-anal, genital-anal, etc., nothing was barred. Fisting, rimming, water sports, you name it. What had been closed groups of sexual partners broke down, as they shared experiences with partners from beyond the small circles of their friends. Anonymous sex was everywhere. Sado-masochism and leathers were all the rage.

As the rate of casual sex skyrocketed, so too did the rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Gonorrhea reports tripled and syphilis reports quadrupled between 1965 and 1975. On August 27, 1976, the CDC reported two cases of penicillin resistant gonorrhea, called PPNG, for penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhea. By October there were ten more cases. Even as far away as Liverpool, England, 40 cases were reported. One third of all new cases were coming from service men returning from the Philippines. By May 1977, PPNG had been detected in seventeen countries and the US had 150 cases, most in New York City. Not only PPNG, but herpes simplex II, HSV-II, and new strains of gonorrhea and syphilis were running wild.

Gay men were especially susceptible to these new classes of STDs. Entamoeba histolytica, normally a third world infection, was being commonly found in the bowels of gay men who lived in the fast lane. The general name for this was Gay Bowel Syndrome.

In his book, Surviving AIDS (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), pop singer Michael Callen wrote,

I calculated that since becoming sexually active in 1973, I had racked up more than three thousand (emphasis added) different sexual partners in bathhouses, back rooms, meat racks, and tearooms. As a consequence I also had the following sexually transmitted diseases, many more than once: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, non-A/non-B hepatitis; herpes simplex Types I and II; venereal warts; giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica; shigella flexneri and salmonella; syphilis; gonorrhea; nonspecific urethritis; chlamydia; cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mononucleosis; and eventually cryptosporidiosis

HIV statistics have become sobering to say the least.

HIV statistics have become sobering to say the least.
  • 4.9 million people were newly infected in 2005
  • 40.3 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS.
And as the numbers continue to climb, work on an HIV vaccine has for the most part failed. Once thought to be "just around the corner" it has become obvious in 2005 that an HIV vaccine is still years away. Medication advances continue but long term side effects of HIV medication use are becoming more evident. So much so that experts now agree that for many patients, waiting to start HIV medications is the best course of action. Finally, 2005 saw a rise in HIV rates on college campuses and risky behavior among those people already infected is still a problem. Positive prevention messages are becoming a priority as syphilis and other STD rates of infection continue to rise sharply.

The Importance of Positive Prevention

2006

Experts conclude that HIV has it origins in the jungles of Africa among wild chimps. Experts go on to report that evidence suggests that the simian form of HIV (SIV) entered the human species and became HIV by way of monkey bites or ingesting monkey meat and brains. While the origins of HIV are more clear, the means to pay for HIV care and medications has become more complicated. A revamping of the Medicare / Medicaid systems has made getting medications difficult for many. India surpasses South Africa as the world's largest HIV population and in the US infection rates of HIV are steady while STDs are on the rise.

The State of HIV in India


The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that since the US HIV epidemic began, over 565,000 people have died of AIDS.

HIV/AIDS Data and Statistics

Scientists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill announce they have decoded the structure of an entire HIV genome. How this will affect the future of HIV treatment, prevention, and education is not entirely known. What we do know is that the more we know about HIV, the better we can fight its affects on public health in the US and around the world.

Protease Inhibitors Arrive

Protease Inhibitors Arrive

Treatment options take another step forward with the introduction of power HIV-fighting drugs called Protease Inhibitors. The use of these drugs in combination with existing HIV/AIDS drugs proves effective in controlling HIV. These new "triple-therapies" give patients and scientists new hope in eliminating HIV/AIDS. But that hope is dashed when a year later, scientists find HIV/AIDS "hides" in reservoirs in the body, making total elimination of the virus virtually impossible. In late 1996 data from AIDS Clinical Trials Group study 076 (ACTG 076) made it clear that Retrovir (AZT) used during pregnancy and at the time of delivery drastically reduces transmission of HIV from mother to child. Those findings led to protocols that now drastically reduce transmission from mother to child from 1 in 4 to less than 3%.

How Common is HIV Transmission from Mother to Child?

More than 15 years after the prediction there would be of an AIDS vaccine within 2 years, the first human trials in the United States of an HIV/AIDS vaccine begins. In a desperate attempt to get affordable HIV/AIDS drugs to the hardest hit areas of Africa, European drug companies ignore US patent laws and begin making generic versions of HIV/AIDS medications. In response, US drug companies file lawsuits to stop such practices. And sadly, 17 years after HIV/AIDS entered our culture, an African AIDS activist is beaten to death by neighbors after publicly admitting she was HIV infected.

The AIDS "rethinker" movement gets international attention and support when South African president Thabo Mbeki questions the use and effectiveness of HIV medications as well as offering doubt that HIV causes AIDS. In response, the international scientific community issues the Durban Declaration, offering proof that HIV and AIDS are indeed connected.

The HIV - AIDS Connection

2001

As scientists grow concerned over medication toxicity and effectiveness, US pharmaceutical companies drop their patent lawsuits, paving the way for European drug companies to manufacture and distribute cheaper HIV medications to the hardest hit areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cautious optimism emerges with the release of the first entry inhibitor, Fuzeon. Since 1981, 21 million people worldwide have died of AIDS, including 17 million from Sub-Saharan Africa.
  • 31 million people are now living with HIV worldwide, the majority of whom are from African nations

Making Drugs Affordable

As the emphasis on simpler therapies continues, regimen pill burdens are greatly improved with the release of two new combination drugs, Truvada and Epzicom as well as two new protease inhibitors, Reyataz and Lexiva. In December, the first generic formulation of an HIV medication is approved by the FDA, instilling hope that HIV medication prices may soon come down.

The First Generic HIV Medication

The history of HIV is filled with triumphs

The history of HIV is filled with triumphs and failures; living and death. The HIV time line stretches before us, marking our past and reaching toward our future. But where will that future lead? What does the history of HIV show us? What have we learned throughout the history of HIV?

The HIV time line began early in 1981. In July of that year, the New York Times reported an outbreak of a rare form of cancer among gay men in New York and California. This "gay cancer" as it was called at the time was later identified as Kaposi's Sarcoma, a disease that later became the face of HIV/AIDS. About the same time, emergency rooms in New York City began to see a rash of seemingly healthy young men presenting with fevers, flu-like symptoms, and a rare pneumonia called Pneumocystis. This was the beginning of what has become the biggest health care concern in modern history. Twenty-five years later the disease still plagues society. How did we get to this point? Take a look back at 25 years of HIV/AIDS.

Understanding Kaposi's Sarcoma

A Guide to Pneumocystis

1959

While we talk about HIV/AIDS being 25 years old, in actuality it is believed that the syndrome has been around far longer. In 1959, a man residing in Africa died of a mysterious illness. Only decades later, after examining some blood samples taken from that man, was it confirmed that he actually died from complications related to an HIV infection.

Where Did HIV Come From?

1981

As stated above, 1981 saw the emergence of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis among gay men in New York and California. When the Centers for Disease Control reported the new outbreak they called it "GRID" (gay-related immune deficiency), stigmatizing the gay community as carriers of this deadly disease. However, cases started to be seen in heterosexuals, drug addicts, and people who received blood transfusions, proving the the syndrome knew no boundaries.

1983

Researchers at the Pasteur Institute in France isolate a retrovirus that they believe is related to the outbreak of HIV/AIDS. Thirty-three countries around the world have confirmed cases of the disease that was once limited to New York and California. Controversy arises a year later when the US government announces their scientist, Dr. Robert Gallo isolates a retrovirus HTLV-III, that he too claims is responsible for AIDS. Two years later it's confirmed that HTLV-III and the Pasteur retrovirus are indeed the same virus, yet Gallo is still credited with its discovery. An international committee of scientists rename the virus HIV.

1984

A Canadian flight attendant, nicknamed "patient zero" dies of AIDS. Because of his sexual connection to several of the first victims of HIV/AIDS, it is believed that he is responsible for introducing the virus into the general population.
  • 8000 confirmed cases in the US
  • 3700 confirmed deaths

1985

The controversy surrounding the HIV/AIDS virus continues when Robert Gallo's lab patents an HIV test kit that later is approved by the FDA. The Pasteur Institute sues and is later awarded rights to half of the royalties from the new test. At the same time, HIV/AIDS enters the public eye when Rock Hudson dies of AIDS and Ryan White is barred from his elementary school in Indiana.

1987 - A Treatment Arrives

After 6 years of watching people die, a new treatment emerges that is hailed as the first huge step in beating HIV/AIDS. The drug Retrovir (AZT, Zidovudine) is FDA approved and begins to be used in high doses to treat people infected with HIV. And not a minute too soon. Politically, HIV/AIDS is a topic that most avoid. But in response to public pressure, President Ronald Reagan finally acknowledges the HIV/AIDS problem and for the first time uses the term "AIDS" in a public speech.
  • 100,000 to 150,000 cases of HIV and AIDS

1990

After years of fighting to stay in school, and raging an even harder battle against the ravages of HIV/AIDS, Ryan White dies at the age of 19. That year, The Ryan White Care Act is enacted by Congress to provide government sponsored funds for the care of HIV/AIDS infected people.
  • people living with HIV/AIDS rises to 1 million

1992 - Combination Therapy Arrives

The FDA approves the first drug to be used in combination with AZT. The addition of the drug Hivid marks the beginning of HIV/AIDS combination therapies. But a more disturbing development centers around HIV tainted blood. Three French senior health officials knowingly sell HIV tainted blood, resulting in the infection of hundreds of transfusion recipients, most of whom have hemophilia.

What is the Connection Between Hemophilia and HIV?

1993

People who are infected and scientists alike are confused and concerned when a British study, the Concorde Trials, offers proof that AZT monotherapy does nothing to delay progression to AIDS in asymptomatic patients. As a result, the AZT debate emerges, with one side proclaiming AZT saves lives and the other denouncing AZT as useless; the "rethinker" movement is born.

Using Bacteria to Protect Against HIV

Using Bacteria to Protect Against HIV

In Wired News, an article "Anti-HIV Bacterium Isolated?" by Rowan Hooper was posted 02:00 AM Apr. 20, 2005 PT, suggesting that hope for an answer to HIV infection may be nearer. Researcher Lin Tao from the University of Illinois at Chicago's dentistry college and colleagues

History of AIDS
A close look at HIV.
Image Source:
Wikimedia

from Rush University have discovered a strain of lactobacillus, that "binds to the sugar envelope on the surface of HIV," thus targeting HIV "because it uses the sugar as a food source." Why is this important? Two strains of this harmless bacterium, found in the oral and vaginal cavities of healthy human volunteers, trap the HIV virus by eating mannose (a sugar) and blocking infection -- at least, in the lab, so far. Tao explains, "If we can find its natural enemy, we can control the spread of HIV naturally and cost-effectively, just as we use cats to control mice." Since Tao's work has not been tested outside of the laboratory, the HIV research community has refrained from premature celebration. Tao is using the concept of probiotic foods, e.g., foods such as yogurt which contain beneficial bacteria, to deal with the even more serious infection of HIV. From oral hygiene, we know that cavities or dental caries are caused by bacteria normally present in our mouth converting the sugar and starch left upon our teeth into enamel dissolving acid beginning within 20 minutes after the last meal or snack, so we brush our teeth, use an antiseptic mouth rinse, and floss to deprive the bacteria of their meal, and thus aid in the prevention of cavities. Using this principle of bacteria's attraction to sugar, Tao said, "Different bacteria have different sugar preferences. To block HIV, however, we needed to find bacteria that prefer the unusual sugar mannose and thus can capture it." Clinical trials are planned. Journalist Rowan Hooper points out in this article that: (1) This HIV-capturing lactobacillus is welcome, though an HIV vaccine would be better, (2) "It would be safe and easy to use," (3) An anti-HIV bacterium would provide "broad spectrum" protection against all subtypes of HIV (unlike a vaccine), (4) It could protect infants from contracting HIV from breast milk, (5) It could protect women against sexual transmission of HIV, despite a failure to use a condom, and (6) Possibly, most important of all, an HIV-capturing bacterium would be relatively inexpensive to develop, i.e., "The developmental cost for a vaccine is about $100 million to $1 billion," said Tao, "but a probiotic may only cost a few million.

The Elusive Quest for an HIV Vaccine

The Elusive Quest for an HIV Vaccine

According to the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, "Only an AIDS vaccine can end the HIV/AIDS pandemic." With AIDS killing worldwide more people than any other infectious disease, 40 million people are living with the disease, and nearly all those will die within the next twenty years. 95% of all new infections occur in developing countries. Prevention has slowed the spread, but not arrested it. Treatment programs are costly and complex in the short term, and subject to side effects and viral resistance in the long term. If smallpox was eradicated in 1977 with an effective vaccine, then "an AIDS vaccine is possible." "Developing an AIDS vaccine to save lives and economies will be one of the world's greatest achievements." Source:
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative With HIV's spread showing no signs of slowing -- 5 million people were newly infected in 2003 with 14,000 new infections daily or 600 new infections hourly -- the need for an HIV vaccine may even be greater, since in 2003, "almost five million people became infected with HIV, the greatest number of infections in a given year since the beginning of the epidemic." Source: International AIDS Vaccine Initiative As recent as February 24, 2003, VaxGen, Inc. "announced initial results from the first of its three-year, multi-national, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase III trials of AIDSVAX (rgp120) to prevent HIV infection. The study did not show a statistically significant reduction of HIV infection within the study population as a whole, which was the primary endpoint of the trial." Source: VaxGen, Inc. The failure of VaxGen's vaccine trial was consistent with the failure of every other attempt thus far, and it had been the "world's most advanced human vaccine experiment." Before the end of 2003, the testing of another HIV vaccine would begin in South Africa, where 10% of the population is infected with HIV. Source: Wired News South Africa suffers from a death rate of about 600 to 1,000 people a day from AIDS related complications; and, it is where South African President Thabo Mbeki publicly questioned the safety of anti-AIDS drugs and whether HIV was the cause of AIDS at the 13th International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa on July 9, 2000. Source: CNN According to a November 3, 2003 CNN account, "Human HIV vaccine trial begins," the South African testing of an experimental HIV vaccine would contain for the first time, "genetic material from the HIV strain most prevalent in South Africa." At the time of that writing, about two dozen other HIV vaccine experiments were being conducted; but, no previous trials had ever proved successful. Tim Tucker, head of the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative, predicted that even if successful, "it would be at least ten years before an effective vaccine was ready for distribution." Source: Wired News

It took us 20 years to find where HIV

Finally, the authors of the paper note that transmission of SIVcpz could still be ongoing. "The bushmeat trade — the hunting and killing of chimpanzees and other endangered animals for human consumption — is a common practice in West-Central Africa and represents an ongoing risk for humans," says Hahn. "Subsistency hunting has always been a part of West-Central African culture, but increasing logging activities in the past decade have provided unprecedented access to remote forest regions and have led to the commercialized killing of thousands of chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys. It took us 20 years to find where HIV-1 came from, only to realize that the very animal species that harbors it is at the brink of extinction," says Hahn.

"We cannot afford to lose these animals, either from an animal conservation or a medical investigative standpoint," she says. "It is quite possible that the chimpanzee, which has served as the source of HIV-1, also holds the clues to its successful control." Hahn and her colleagues hope that as a consequence of their research, there will be additional measures taken to discourage chimpanzee poaching and to preserve this and other endangered primate species.

The team of scientists responsible for the AIDS discovery included UAB's Ya-Lu Chen, Cynthia Rodenburg and Scott Michael as well as Paul Sharp and Elizabeth Bailes from the University of Nottingham in England; David Robertson from the Laboratory of Structural and Genetic Information in Marseilles, France; Larry Cummins from the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in Texas; Larry Arthur from the Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center in Frederick, Maryland; and Martine Peeters from the Laboratory of Retroviruses at ORSTOM in Montpellier, France.

The research was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

While the origin of the AIDS epidemic has been clarified

While the origin of the AIDS epidemic has been clarified, an explanation for why the epidemic arose in the mid-20th century, and not before, remains a matter of speculation. "Chimpanzees are frequently hunted for food, especially in West-Central Africa, and we believe that HIV-1 was introduced into the human population through exposure to blood during hunting and field dressing of these animals," says Hahn. She further believes that while incidental transmissions of chimpanzee viruses to humans may have occurred throughout history, it was the socio-economic changes in post-World War II Africa that provided the particular circumstances leading to the spread of HIV-1 and the development of the AIDS epidemic. "Increasing urbanization, breakdown of traditional lifestyles, population movements, civil unrest, and sexual promiscuity are all known to increase the rates of sexually transmitted diseases and thus likely triggered the AIDS pandemic," adds Hahn.

"The importance of the current findings could be far reaching," says Dr. George Shaw, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at UAB and a principal author of the paper. "Chimpanzees are identical to humans in over 98 percent of their genome, or hereditary material, yet they appear to be resistant to the damaging effects of the AIDS virus on the immune system. By studying the biological reasons for this difference, we may be able to obtain important clues concerning the pathogenic basis of HIV-1 in humans and possibly new strategies for treating the disease more effectively." He further added that a better understanding of exactly how the chimpanzee's immune system responds to SIVcpz infection compared to that of humans is likely to lead to the development of more effective strategies for an HIV-1 vaccine.

Origin of HIV-1 Discovereda

Origin of HIV-1 Discovered

To place any conspiracy theory into perspective, consider the following media release from scientists at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, titled "
Origin of HIV-1 Discovered" (posted on January 31, 1999 at 1:52 p.m.):

BIRMINGHAM, AL — Scientists at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) have discovered the origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), the virus that causes AIDS in humans. This finding by an international team of scientists led by Dr. Beatrice H. Hahn of

History of AIDS
UAB AIDS Researchers Dr. Beatrice Hahn
and George Shaw, M.D., Ph.D.

Image Source:
UAB Media Relations

UAB, solves a 20-year-old puzzle regarding the beginnings of the AIDS epidemic which now afflicts some 30 million people worldwide. Hahn presented her study today at the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Chicago. A paper detailing the discovery appears in the February 4 issue of the journal Nature.

Hahn, a professor of medicine and microbiology at UAB, is senior author of the paper. Dr. Feng Gao, research assistant professor of medicine at UAB, is the paper's lead author.

The researchers identified a subspecies of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) native to West-Central Africa as the natural reservoir for HIV-1. "We have long suspected a virus from African primates to be the cause of human AIDS, but exactly which animal species was responsible was unknown," says Gao. Viruses related to HIV-1 had previously been found in chimpanzees and were given the designation SIVcpz (for Simian Immunodeficiency Virus). However, only three such infected animals were identified, and one of these harbored a virus so different from HIV-1 that most scientists questioned a direct relationship to the human virus.

The recent breakthrough came when Hahn and her colleagues identified a fourth SIVcpz infected chimpanzee and used sophisticated molecular techniques to analyze all four viruses and the animals from which they were derived. The researchers found that three of the four SIVcpz strains came from chimpanzees that belonged to one particular subspecies, termed Pan troglodytes troglodytes, which is native to West-Central Africa. The fourth virus strain, which was genetically divergent from the other three, came from an animal that belonged to a different chimpanzee subspecies, termed Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi, which is native to East Africa. The scientists then discovered that all known strains of HIV-1, including the major group M (responsible for the global AIDS epidemic) as well as groups N and O (found only in West-Central Africa), were closely related only to SIVcpz strains infecting Pan troglodytes troglodytes.

The final piece of the puzzle was put in place when the researchers realized that the natural habitat for Pan troglodytes troglodytes overlaps precisely with the region in West-Central Africa where all three groups of HIV-1(M, N, and O) were first recognized. Based on these findings, Hahn and her colleagues concluded that Pan troglodytes troglodytes is the origin of HIV-1 and has been the source of at least three independent cross-species transmission events of SIVcpz.

Sunday, November 27, 2011

Thinking Outside the Box?

Thinking Outside the Box?

Invariably, someone will suggest a conspiracy about the origin of AIDS, and as Jerry Fletcher (Mel Gibson) said to Alice Sutton (Julia Roberts), "A good conspiracy is an unprovable one." Source:
"Conspiracy Theory" (1997) A medical doctor and gay historian, Alan Cantwell, Jr., wrote a book, Queer Blood: The Secret AIDS Genocide Plot, published in 1993, that detailed a genocidal plot by "them" against gays and blacks. Though many younger gays and People With Aids (PWAs) have a greater necessity in coping with today than attempting to understand a theoretical explanation of the now distant past, conspiratorial theorist Cantwell attempted to construct what he saw as a plausible chain of events that would evoke understanding and empathy for the gay community, much as understanding the Holocaust would promote greater compassion and receptivity for the Jewish community. A brief review of Dr. Cantwell's book was given by H. Robert Malinowsky (B.S. geological engineering, M.L.S.), Professor and Principal Bibliographer and Head of Reference at the University of Illinois at Chicago: "There has long been the story that there is a secret gay genocide with the culprit being a genetically engineered virus. Dr. Cantwell was a disbliever in this idea for quite sometime until he started noticing similarities of certain events, when they happened, and how they happened. Although there is no concrete scientific evidence that such a genocide is taking place, there are many questions that have not been answered. Why is it that the AIDS epidemic began at the same time as the hepatitis B vaccine trials in the late 1970s and early 1980s? Why did the African AIDS epidemic begin at the same time as the WHO smallpox eradication vaccine program during the 1970s? The blood specimens of the 1,083 men in the original hepatitis B experiment, as well as the blood of over 10,000 gays screened at that time, it was found that the virus was introduced into the gay community around 1978, the same year that the hepatitis B experiment began. Where did the rumor originate that AIDS is a manufactured virus genetically created to kill off the black race? The unproven belief is that vaccines containing lethal biological agents were injected into the African Blacks and white gays of Manhattan in order to produce a holocaust that would remove two undesirable groups from the earth. Dr. Cantwell goes on to show other similarities and point out other facts that make one wonder if this theory could really be true. One thing that is true is that it is highly unlikely that a Black heterosexual epidemic in Africa could have transformed itself into a white gay disease in America. AIDS first appeared exclusively in young, white, healthy gay men in America. This is a book to be read with an open mind, remembering that there are few concrete facts that support this idea. Nevertheless this is a book and idea to be reckoned with. It is easy to read and takes little time to finish but when finished, you really do not know what to believe, especially if you are a gay male in the midst of the holocaust

Magic Johnson -- Too Good to be True?

Magic Johnson -- Too Good to be True?

To be infected with HIV is to be HIV-positive, but only when the virus seriously damages the immune system, does one have AIDS. This distinction has been brought home by NBA star Magic Johnson, who tested HIV-positive and retired from LA Laker basketball in 1991, but has yet to develop AIDS. This may confuse some that his AIDS has been cured,

History of AIDS
Graph showing HIV copies and CD4 counts
over course of HIV infection.

Image Source:
Wikimedia

but there are no known cures for AIDS. The anti-HIV drugs and medications can only slow down the damage to the immune system. The New Mexico AIDS InfoNet advises its Internet visitors: "AIDS is different in every infected person. Some people die a few months after getting infected, while others live fairly normal lives for many years, even after they 'officially' have AIDS. A few HIV-positive people stay healthy for many years even without taking anti-HIV medications." Source: New Mexico AIDS InfoNet In a November 6, 1991 interview with USA Today, Magic Johnson described his life with HIV. The article pointed out that "a decade ago [1981], the typical length of time from infection to death was eight to 10 years. It was not until the mid-'90s that AIDS drug cocktails that suppress the virus came into wide use." "There's nothing experimental, nothing high-tech," Dr. Michael Mellman, Johnson's personal physician for the previous 20 years, said of Johnson's medication. "Anyone who can afford health care can afford what he's doing." Hattie Babbit, executive director of AIDS Action in Washington, cautioned in the same USA Today article that Magic Johnson's healthy appearance should not give the impression that drugs or drug cocktails are a cure, since anti-HIV drugs "do have side effects, and they tend to lose their effectiveness." Source: USA Today, "Ten years after 'it', Magic Johnson thriving" The HIV disease, i.e., HIV-positive condition, becomes AIDS or "full-blown AIDS," when the immune system becomes so damaged that you have less than 200 CD4+ cells (also known as "T-helper" cells) or if your CD4+ percentage is less than 14%. Source: New Mexico AIDS InfoNet Was Magic Johnson's 1991 success story too good to be true? More than a year later, on January 21, 2003, a story by Alex Polier from the Associated Press, "Magic Johnson Promotes HIV Drug: Ads are geared towards urban blacks," described a "robust-looking" Magic Johnson on billboards in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Philadelphia, Houston, Atlanta, and Newark, N.J. Johnson credited his health to a positive attitude in partnership with his physician, while consistently taking his medication. GlaxoSmithKline noted that a greater number of African-Americans are dying from AIDS than whites and has accordingly focused its marketing on the African-American community. Magic Johnson "takes a combination of GlaxoSmithKline and non-GlaxoSmithKline drugs, including Combivir®, the most commonly prescribed HIV drug and one of GlaxoSmithKline's best sellers." In 2001, with sales of more than $1.1 billion GlaxoSmithKline controlled about 50 percent of the market for anti-HIV drugs, competing against Crixivan® and Stocrin® made by Merck & Co., and Kaletra® and Norvir®, made by Abbott Laboratories. Among blacks ages 24 to 44, AIDS is the leading cause of death. Source: The Enquirer Combivir® is a combination of 300mg of Retrovir® (AZT) and 150mg of Epivir®, which is taken twice daily in conjunction with at least one other anti-HIV drug. Source: AIDSmed.com